ABSTRACT
A sizable number of cardiac surgical patients are difficult to wean off cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as a result of structural or functional cardiac abnormalities, vasoplegic syndrome, or ventricular dysfunction. In these cases, therapeutic decisions have to be taken quickly for successful separation from CPB. Various crisis management scenarios can be anticipated which emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge in applied cardiovascular physiology, knowledge of pathophysiology of the surgical lesions as well as leadership, and communication between multiple team members in a high-stakes environment. Since the mid-90s, transoesophageal echocardiography has provided an opportunity to assess the completeness of surgery, to identify abnormal circulatory conditions, and to guide specific medical and surgical interventions. However, because of the lack of evidence-based guidelines, there is a large variability regarding the use of cardiovascular drugs and mechanical circulatory support at the time of weaning from the CPB. This review presents key features for risk stratification and risk modulation as well as a standardized physiological approach to achieve successful weaning from CPB.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Cardiotonic Agents/adverse effects , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Heart-Assist Devices , Hemodynamics , Humans , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/drug therapy , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/etiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Introduzir um novo conceito na tecnologia de anuloplastia. Embora anéis rígidos e flexíveis cumpram com as necessidades básicas em adultos, não preservam mudanças na forma e no tamanho ocorridos durante o ciclo cardíaco. Se implantado em crianças, eles não permitem o crescimento do anel nativo. Métodos: De março de 2003 a março de 2007, 207 pacientes submeteram-se ao reparo da valva mitral e/ou tricúspide implantando anéis biodegradáveis de polidioxanona Bioring®. Pacientes foram separados em dois grupos: Grupo 1, Adultos n=121. Idade média: 48 anos (± 19,2). Mais velho 85 anos. Grupo 2, Pediátrico: n=86. Idade média: 9,6 anos (± 4,4). Mais novo 0,5 anos. RESULTADOS: Grupo 1 - mortalidade hospitalar: 3,3 por cento; seguimento médio: 26,4 meses ± 15,4. Quatro pacientes submetidos à substituição da valva mitral 1,2,2 e 4 meses pós-reparo. Grupo 2 - mortalidade hospitalar: 1,2 por cento; seguimento médio: 26,7 meses, ± 13,4. Sete reoperações mitrais entre 1 a 24 meses, duas para novo reparo da válvula, cinco para substituição valvar. CONCLUSÕES: Anéis biodegradáveis remodelam a forma, reforçam o reparo, devolvem a função das valvas atrioventriculares, mantendo a dinâmica tridimensional e geometria dos anéis valvares mitrais e tricuspídeos. Além disso, estes anéis preservam o crescimento potencial em crianças. Embora o anel de anuloplastia biodegradável tenha sido inicialmente desenvolvido para população pediátrica, é atualmente aplicado em adultos. Crianças com ventrículoúnico e incompetências valvares A-V são indicações adicionais. Resultados a médio prazo mostraram que a degradação do produto ocorreu sem conseqüências negativas observáveis. Resultados a longo termo deverão comprovar estes achados.
OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new concept in the annuloplasty technology. Although rigid and flexible rings meet the basic needs of adults, they do not preserve the changes in shape and size occurring during the cardiac cycle. If implanted in children, such materials do not allow growth of the native annulus. METHODS: From March 2003 to March 2007, 207 patients underwent mitral and/or tricuspid valve repair implanting polidioxanone biodegradable rings - Bioring®. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, Adults: n=121. Mean age: 48 years (± 19.2). Oldest 85 years. Group 2, Pediatric: n=86. Mean age: 9.6 years (± 4.4). Youngest 0.5 years. RESULTS: Group 1, Hospital mortality: 3.3 percent. Mean follow-up: 26.4 months ± 15.4. Four patients underwent mitral valve replacement 1, 2, 2 and 4 months post repair. Group 2, Hospital mortality: 1.2 percent. Mean follow-up: 26.7 months±13.4. Seven mitral reoperations within 1 to 24 months, two for valve re-repair, five for valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Biodegradable rings remodel the shape, reinforce the repair, restore the function of the atrioventricular valves and maintain the three dimensional dynamic motion and geometry of the mitral and tricuspid valves annulus. Growth potential is preserved in children. Although the biodegradable annuloplasty ring was first designed and developed for a pediatric population, it is currently applied to adult cases. Children with single ventricle and AV valve incompetence are an additional indication. The mid-term results showed that degradation of the device occurred without negative observable consequences. Long-term results should confirm these findings.